Using Style

css style

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X/HTML specifies four ways to apply style variations:

• Linking
• Importing
• Embedding
• Inline

The first two methods refer to external style sheets (text files that use the .css file name extension and contain nothing but style definitions), Which allow you to use styles across multiple Web pages. The third method defines styles for a single page. The third method defines styles for a single page. The fourth method makes quick, temporary style changes to existing X/HTML code, such as spanning a background color or an image behind words.

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Three Ways to Use CSS

• External
• Internal(Embedding)
• Inline

CSS

Cascading Style Sheets

A predefined HTML document structure that includes heading fonts, text layout commands, graphic object placement and other design guidelines.

A style is set of formatting instructions that allow you to define the formatting of X/HTML elements in a document or modify the characteristics of some elements. For example, the heading tags represent various styles: Heading level one is bold, Times New Roman 24-point typeface by default; heading level 4 is bold, Times new 12-point typeface. You can change these and other style attributes in your web pages. You can also control margins, line spacing and placement of design elements, as well as specify colors, fonts and point sizes. CSS code is very easy for creating css websites.

Imagine that your Web page has 12 different level-two headings that you want to appear in red. In the past, you may have added 12 pairs of tags around the 12 headings. What if you wanted to try blue headings? You would have to do a considerable amount of recoding. With style sheets, however, you can add just a few lines of code, then change the colors of all the headings with a single word.

Cascading style sheets refer to the use of multiple style definitions in a single document. CSS is the standard way to format a Web page. A style sheet file can link to every document in a Web site, thus controlling the overall look and feel of the site. However, within the same file a "spanned" style can also override the style information embedded in the header block, along with any style information from the linked style sheet. The term "cascading" refers to inheritance, or the hierarchical relationship between linked, imported, embedded and inline styles.CSS programming is very important for css website.

HTML Markup Language

HTML as a Markup Language

html for image

HTML is a subset of SGML (Standard General Markup Language) with more forgiving rules that are not followed for XHTML and XML (also subsets).

A markup language is very different from a programming language. Program files and data files exist separately in traditional applications. In a markup language, the instructions and the data reside in the same file. In addition, HTML does not provide data structures or internal logic, as do programming languages such as C and Pascal.

HTML is an application of SGML. It has fewer language elements than SGML, it is easier to use and has become the standard method of encoding information for Web documents. As with GML, HTML facilitates data exchange through a common document format across different types of computer systems and networks on the Web.

Tags of html

Whereas SGML is used specifically to define context as opposed to appearance, HTML has evolved into both a contextual and a formatting language. By applying a heading style to text using HTML, for example, you are not only marking that text contextually as an important line that begins a new section; you are also applying the visual formatting elements of boldface and a larger font size. Table in html

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HTML Tags

Tags in html

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Special places of code, enclosed in angle brackets, that tell the HTML interpreter how to process or display text.

HTML files are plain text files that have been "marked up" with special language elements called tags, which are embedded in the text.

Tags are pieces of code text, enclosed in angle brackets(< >), that provide instructions to programs designed to interpret HTML. For example, you might want to change the color of some text in your file. You can do this by embedding opening and closing tags with instructions around the text you wanted colored. If you want an image to appear in your document, you can use a tag to specify the source and placement of the image.

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Define HTML

What is HTML?

Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for tagging text files to achieve font, color, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages.

Hypertext Markup Languages (HTML) is based on SGML and is the traditional authoring language used to develop Web pages for many applications. Tim Berners-Lee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology invented HTML with Colleagues from CERN (the European Particle Physics Laboratory) as a means of distributing nonlinear text, called hypertext, to multiple points across the Internet. One document links to another through pointers called hyperlinks. A hyperlink is an embedded instruction within one text file that calls another file when the link is accessed, usually by the click of a mouse. The global set of linked documents across the existing Internet framework grew into what is now known as the World Wide Web.

Hypermedia is an extension of hypertext. It includes images, video, audio, animation and other multimedia data types, which can be incorporated into HTML documents. The Web can be described accurately as a hypermedia system.

Hypertext was first conceived by Ted Nelson in 1965. The first widely commercialized hypertext product was HyperCard, conceived by Bill Atkinson and introduced by Apple Computer in 1987. It incorporated many hypertext and hypermedia concepts, but was a proprietary system that worked only on Macintosh computers.

In contrast, HTML is a cross-platform language that works on Windows, Macintosh and UNIX platforms. In addition, HTML and the Web are client/server systems; HyperCard works only on a stand-alone Macintosh computer.

Used for web page design html.

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History Channel

SGML:Short History

In the late 1960s, as computers started to be used widely in certain arenas, a group called the Graphic Communications Association (GCA)created a layout language called GenCode. GenCode was designed to provide a standard language for specifying formatting information so that printed documents would look the same, regardless of the hardware's used.

In 1969, Charles Goldfarb led a group of people at IBM who built upon the GenCode idea and created what became known as the Generalized Markup Language (GML). Whereas GenCode was primarily a procedural or presentational markup language, GML aimed to define not only the appearance but to some degree the structure of the data.

Nearly 10 years after GML emerged, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a working committee to build upon GML and create a broader standard. Coldfarb was asked to join this effort, and has since become known as the "father of SGML," which was the end product of ANSI efforts. The first draft of standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)was made public in 1980; the final version of the standard emerged in 1986.

Since that time, the language has been enhanced as needed. For example, in 1988 a version of SGML was created that was designed specifically for military applications (MIL-M-(28001). SGML is called a metalanguage, Which is a language for creating other languages. sgml and xml is most important.

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Function of HTML

Function of Markup Languages

Markup languages are designed to instruct computers how to process data. The term markup derives from early print publishers, who would "mark up" text by hand to indicate to the printer which front size to use where, n which weight, using what form of alignment and so forth. In other words, the earliest markup languages were dedicated to passing formatting instructions.

Markup instructions are generally referred to as tags, and the process of marking up a document is sometimes called tagging. Early word-processing programs required the user to perform manual tagging. Today, most tagging is performed transparently in programs, and usually takes place using a proprietary system. The different methods for tagging text made it difficult for people to exchange data with each other. With the advent of Internet, it became more valuable and more imperative for authors to be able to interchange documents in a single format that was easy to use, yet powerful and aesthetically acceptable.

Markup specifically designed to affect the appearance of a document is commonly called presentation markup or procedural markup because it instructs the computer how to render the text. However, organizations that process huge numbers of documents, such as government and bureaucratic entities, quickly found that it was more important to know what the data represented rather than how it looked. Markup was then created to describe the content of the page. This type of markup is called logical or structural markup. Structural markup is also called descriptive or generic markup.

The following is HTML presentational or procedural markup for tagging the word "Summary" to appear in bold print:

            Summary                   

In logical or structural markup, it makes more sense to designate the word "Summary" as a section header, which describes not just its appearance but also its context in the document. The following is HTML structural markup for tagging the word "Summary" as a level-one heading:

             
 Summary 
              

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Learn HTTP Protocol

HTTP Tutorial

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. This is the foundation for data communication for the World Wide Web (ie. internet) since 1990. HTTP is a generic and stateless protocol which can be used for other purposes as well using extension of its request methods, error codes and headers.

This tutorial is based on RFC-2616 specification, which defines the protocol referred to as HTTP/1.1. HTTP/1.1 is a revision of the original HTTP (HTTP/1.0) and a major difference between HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1 is that HTTP/1.0 uses a new connection for each request/response exchange where as HTTP/1.1 connection may be used for one or more request/response exchanges.

Audience

This reference has been prepared for the computer science graduates and web developers to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). After completing this tutorial you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in HTTP from where you can take yourself to next levels.

Basic Web Standards

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP):

• GET request for information requests;
• POST request to provide additional information in a request; may have side effects;
• PUT request to upload information to server.

Hyper Text Markup Language

• Links generate GET requests for other pages;
• Image maps allow the selection of points or regions of images;
• Forms send attribute/value pairs to the server.